Institutional funding
This includes venture capital but also any other funds made available by companies, charities, governments, banks or others. Investments made by governments may increase confidence of other investors.
Grants
Institutions such as governments and charitable foundations may provide grants. Usually to non-profits but also to businesses or local governments. Grants are always provided to achieve a public benefit and do not need to be paid back.
Family office funding
Family offices are an atypical kind of fund. These funds manage the capital of wealthy families and are more flexible than other funds. Apart from grants they may provide all kinds of financing solutions including equity investments and loans. A personal introduction is important to get access to a family office.
Donations and subsidies
Both donations and subsidies are gifts to benefit a specific cause. Usually these are connected to a specific economic sector to reach public goals. Governments and other organisations may provide these.
Match funding
In match funding, governments or other organizations match the funding generated by other investors. It can be done in all forms of capital but the most common forms of government involvement are grants, subsidies and guarantees.[1] Governments may also co-invest in a public-private investment fund which in turn invests in projects and businesses.
[1] CrowdThermal D3.2